Artritis psoriásica: qué es, síntomas y tratamiento

La artritis psoriásica es una enfermedad de la piel que afecta a las articulaciones de algunas personas con psoriasis.

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artritis psoriásica qué es síntomas tratamiento

Puede resultar ciertamente extraño, pero en ocasiones, algunas enfermedades o patologías se aúnan. Es el caso, por ejemplo, de la artritis psoriásica, que conjuga síntomas de la psoriasis, una enfermedad de la piel, que puede desencadenar en un tipo de artritis, una afección ósea.

¿Qué es la artritis psoriásica?

La artritis psoriásica es un tipo de artritis que afecta a algunas personas con psoriasis. La mayoría de afectados desarrolla primero dicha psoriasis y, posteriormente, se diagnostica la citada artritis psoriásica. No obstante, los problemas articulares pueden comenzar en ocasiones antes de que aparezcan las lesiones cutáneas.

Esta patología que afecta a las articulaciones y provoca dolor, hinchazón y dificultad en el rango de movimiento. El factor principal que la propicia incide en un ataque del sistema inmunológico del paciente hacia tejidos y células sanos, aunque diversos portales especializados consideran que es la consecuencia de una suma de factores genéticos, inmunológicos y ambientales en respuesta hacia el propio sistema inmune.

A pesar de esta falta de conocimiento, se ha demostrado que algunos factores juegan un papel importante en el origen de esta enfermedad.

  • Psoriasis. Tener psoriasis es el factor de riesgo más importante para sufrir este problema. Las personas que tienen las uñas deformadas y con hoyos son especialmente propensas a sufrir artritis psoriásica.
  • Genética. Muchas personas con artritis psoriásica poseen antecedentes familiares con esta enfermedad.
  • Edad. Aunque puede aparecer a cualquier edad, aparece con más frecuencia en adultos entre los 30 y 50 años.

Síntomas de la artritis psoriásica

Tanto la artritis psoriásica como la propia psoriasis son enfermedades crónicas que empeoran con el tiempo. Los síntomas más comunes son:

  • Dolor e inflamación en una o más articulaciones, generalmente en muñecas, rodillas, tobillos o articulaciones.
  • Hinchazón de los dedos de las manos y de los pies.
  • Dolor en la espalda baja, cuello y glúteos.
  • Lesiones secas y escamosas de color plateado o gris que se pelan en la piel del cuero cabelludo, en los codos o en las rodillas.
  • Presencia de psoriasis en piel y uñas.

La artritis psoriásica, ¿es una enfermedad grave?

Al tratarse de una enfermedad crónica que afecta a la piel y, además, reviste dolor, puede presentar consecuencias desfavorables para la vida cotidiana del afectado.

  1. Plano psicológico: las lesiones, estéticamente, pueden resultar desagradables de ver u observar para aquellos que desconocen qué es la psoriasis. La realidad es que ese sentimiento de rechazo ante dichas manchas cutáneas puede derivar en ansiedad o depresión para los afectados.
  2. Plano de la algología: en lo referente al dolor, éste, junto con la rigidez en la articulación, puede resultar especialmente desagradable para el afectado. Se trata de una enfermedad crónica que obligará a convivir, de por vida, con ciertos dolores.

¿Puede la artritis psoriásica provocar la invalidez?

La artritis psoriásica puede desencadenar en importantes complicaciones para quien la padece, si no se trata de manera diaria.

Si bien es cierto que se trata de porcentajes ínfimos, esta patología puede derivar en artritis mutilante, una variedad que reviste una gravedad severa. De hecho, es incapacitante y conduciría a la invalidez del paciente, ya que, con el paso del tiempo, destruye los huesos más pequeños de los dedos de las manos.

En otras ocasiones, los afectados también pueden desarrollar otras patologías o afecciones, como hipertensión, diabetes o enfermedades cardiovasculares.

Tratamiento para la artritis psoriásica

La realidad es que la artritis psoriásica, al igual que la propia psoriasis, es una enfermedad crónica. Por ende, no existe un tratamiento que ponga remedio a esta afección para siempre.

No obstante, y como en cualquier otra patología o enfermedad, existen posibles tratamientos para paliar sus efectos y que pueden desencadenar en la desaparición temporal de estas lesiones. En el caso de la artritis psoriásica, las principales acciones se realizarán con el fin de evitar mayores complicaciones, como la citada incapacidad, o dolores articulares. Estas son las siguientes:

Antiinflamatorios no esteroides

Estos medicamentos pueden reducir la inflamación en las articulaciones, así como aliviar el dolor, en pacientes que sufren artritis psoriásica leve. Por ello, aquellos fármacos que contengan ibuprofeno o naproxeno sódico son los más indicados en dichos casos.

Si se requiere de medicación más fuerte, existen variantes que pueden obtenerse con receta médica. No obstante, a mayor concentración en la composición, más posibilidad de sufrir sus efectos secundarios, como son los problemas estomacales o daño hepático.

Medicación antirreumática

Este tipo de fármacos encuentra un componente, el metotrexato, especialmente utilizado para retrasar la evolución de la artritis psoriásica. Esto impedirá que la enfermedad avance y las articulaciones sufran daños mayores.

Consejos para mejorar su estado

Algunos métodos para la artritis psoriásica tienen como objetivo aliviar los síntomas, mientras que otros ayudan a reducir el riesgo de sufrir un brote:

  • Hacer deporte. El ejercicio puede mejorar la salud en general y la calidad de vida de una persona. También ayuda a reducir la rigidez, fortalecer los músculos, mantener el peso y reducir el riesgo de enfermedades cardiovasculares.
  • Dejar de fumar. Mejorará la salud en general y evitará desencadenar en una artritis psoriásica.
  • Masajes. Un profesional con conocimientos sobre este tipo de artritis puede ayudar a aliviar el malestar en las articulaciones y relajar músculos y articulaciones tensas.
  • Dormir lo suficiente. Dormir puede ayudar a controlar la inflamación, reducir el estrés y mejorar tanto la salud como el bienestar en general.
  • Tomar baños de agua tibia. Un baño caliente puede ayudar a relajar las articulaciones, aliviar el dolor y la inflamación, promover la relajación y reducir los niveles de estrés.

Alimentos prohibidos y dieta para la artritis psoriásica

El portal especializado en psoriasis y artritis psoriásica, psoriasis360, incide en la necesidad de mantener una alimentación con ciertas restricciones, ya que el consumo de diversos productos puede influir en la evolución de estas patologías.

Según investigaciones realizadas desde el ámbito puramente nutricional, algunas recomendaciones en torno a la artritis psoriásica giran en torno al consumo de frutas y verduras; una reducción en la ingesta de grasas saturadas, como es el caso de ciertas carnes; eliminar de la dieta los alimentos ricos en grasas trans o ultraprocesados; aumentar el consumo de cereales integrales; y consumir proteínas de carnes magras y sin piel.

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